Holmeng: September 2009

180 degree rule
A rule which maintains that the line of action should not be crossed, in the interests of fluid continuity. It therefore precludes a difference greater than 180 degrees between camera angles in consecutive shots.

30 degree rule
A rule which precludes a difference in angles of less than 30 degrees between consecutive shots.

ADR (automatic dialogue replacement)
A computerised process that helps fit re-recorded lines to the original dialogue.

animation
The capture of still images, which run in sequence, creating the illusion of movement.

aperture
An opening (usually in the camera lens) through which light passes.

atmos effect
Usually a sound effect used to generate a certain atmosphere - e.g. a howling wind.

buzz track
A low-level background soundtrack.

camera angle
The viewpoint chosen to photograph a subject.

canted angle
see Dutch angle

close-up
Usually defined as a shot framing the head from the neck up, sometimes with part of the shoulders.

continuity system/continuity editing
A system of editing generally used within mainstream cinema to seamlessly cut from one shot to another without calling attention to the editing. This system includes invisible editing, eye-line matches, and cutting on action.

crane shot
A shot in which the camera is mounted on a crane, to achieve striking height or aerial movement.
cross-cutting
Also known as parallel editing. Alternation between two or more different scenes which are (usually) developed simultaneously.

crossing the line
Failure to follow the 180 degree rule, by crossing the line of action.

cut
A clean break between consecutive shots.

deep focus
Photography in which all elements in the image, whether near or far from the camera, are acceptably sharp.

depth of field
The distance between the objects nearest and furthest from the camera that will be in acceptably sharp focus.

diegesis, diegetic
The 'world' of the story and all the elements that belong to it: the sight and sounds of the action (e.g. footsteps, explosions), including off screen action and objects (e.g. birdsong, church bells). The most common non-diegetic sound is music (which would only be diegetic if the musicians or source of music were part of the action).

dissolve or mix
This is when two shots are on screen at the same time, visible through each other. The first shot is faded out while the second is faded in.

dubbing chart
A plan used as a guide to arrange and mix elements of the soundtrack during post-production.

Dutch angle (or canted angle)
Camera angle in which the camera is tipped sideways so that the world of the film seems to have tipped over, and horizontal and vertical lines run diagonally within the frame.

end credits
A list of all of the participants involved in the film's production, screened at the end of the film.

equalisation (EQ)
Part of the process of sound manipulation and improvement, especially concerned with the balance between bass and treble.

establishing shot
A shot which shows the environment in which the action will take place, usually early in the sequence.

Expressionism
Also referred to as 'German Expressionism', after a group of German films from the silent era, notably The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1919) and Nosferatu, A Symphony of Horrors (1922). Typified by use of strong contrast, lots of shadow, extreme angles and design, the suitability of the term 'Expressionism' (and the implied relationship to the Expressionist movement in painting and other arts) has been questioned. But the term has stuck and Expressionism is seen as influential on many Hollywood genres, especially film noir and horror.

extreme close-up (ECU)
A shot filled by part of someone's face (or other subject).

extreme long shot (ELS)
A shot showing the scene from a great distance.

eye-line
The direction of a character's gaze.

fade down (of sound)
Gradual diminution of sound level.

fade in (of pictures)
Gradual appearance of the image.

fade in (of sound)
Gradual increase of sound level.

fade out (of sound)
Gradual diminution of sound level to silence.

fade to black
Gradual disappearance of image into black screen.

fade up (of sound)
Gradual increase of sound level.

film noir
Hollywood film genre of the 1940s and 1950s, (named by French critics after World War II) usually, but not always involving crime, flawed heroes, femmes fatales and a strong visual style influenced by 'German Expressionism'.

focal length
The distance between the optical centre of the lens and the image sensor. The longer the focal length, the greater the magnification involved; the shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view.

focus pull
The refocusing of the lens during a shot to keep a moving subject within the depth of field.

Foley track
Sound effects created by the 'Foley artist', after shooting, to be dubbed onto the film to match the action (footsteps, rustling clothing etc).

frame
Individual still image of a film or video, or the rectangle within which the image is composed or captured.

frames per second
The number of still images that pass through the camera/projector per second. Film usually runs at 24 fps, video at 25 fps.

genre
Type of moving image text, e.g. horror, western, melodrama.

hand-held camera
Type of camera movement where the camera is held manually by an operator without fixed mounting (tripod, dolly etc). Produces irregular movement which often signifies 'Point of View'.

high angle shot
A shot looking down on the action.

jump cut
A cut between two shots of the same object, character or scene where the angle of the camera is less than 45 degrees.

line of action
An imaginary line used to help stage camera positions for shooting action. Typically 'drawn' along the line of sight between two characters in a scene, or following the movement of characters, cars etc. In the continuity system all shots of the action will be taken from one side only of the line to maintain consistent screen orientation and direction of movement.

lip sync
Synchronisation of mouth and lip movements in the image with speech on the soundtrack.

long shot (LS)
Usually shows the entire human figure, from above the head to below the feet.

low angle shot
A shot looking up at the action.

master shot
A shot (usually wide) that shows all the action of a scene, usually cut together with other

medium long shot (MLS)
Normally shows the human figure from the knees up.

medium shot (MS)
Normally shows the human figure from the waist up.

mise en scène
French term from the theatre which literally means 'what's put in the scene'. In the cinema it refers to the elements of a shot - the set, the props, the actors, the use of colour and light - and the way these elements are composed or choreographed.

mix
see dissolve.

off screen
Action belonging to the story world which takes place outside the frame.

opening titles
The credits shown on screen at the beginning of the film, which usually include the film's title, the producers, directors, writer and principal actors.

over-the-shoulder (OTS) shot
A shot framed by the side of the head and shoulders of a character in the extreme foreground, who is looking at the same thing we are - usually another character in dialogue sequence.

pan
When the camera pivots on its vertical axis; the shot that results from this. From panorama or panoramic.

parallel editing
see cross-cutting

persistence of vision
Sensory phenomenon to which cinema owes its existence: the perception of fluid movement from still images projected above a threshold speed. Below this speed the image flickers (hence the term 'the flicks' coined when silent film was shot at lower speeds, c.16-20 fps).

pitch
Relative shrillness of a note, determined by the mix of frequencies.

Point of View (POV) shot
A shot where we appear to be looking through the character's eyes, from his or her point of view.
post-production
Stage of film production after principal photography, including editing, sound/music, special effects etc.

reaction shot
A shot in which we see the character's reaction (sometimes after a POV shot).

reframe
Adjustment of framing to compensate for movement within the frame.

scene
The basic dramatic unit, usually continuous in time and setting. A feature film will usually consist of 30-60 scenes, though there are wide variations.

sequence
A group of shots showing a single piece of action, e.g. a chase sequence; often synonymous with 'scene'.

shot
A single continuous image.

shot/reverse shot
Alternating shots, typically of two characters in a dialogue sequence.

shot size
Refers to the size of the subject in the frame - close-up, long shot, wide shot etc.

shot transition
The transition of one shot to another which can be achieved by a cut, a dissolve, a wipe etc.

sound perspective
Like visual perspective, helps to create a sense of physical space: sounds in the distance seem to come from far away.

soundtrack
The audio components of a film - dialogue, sound effects, music.

split edit
When sound and picture cuts are not simultaneous.

spot effect
Sound effect used at a particular point in the narrative.

standard angle
Angle produced with a medium focal length which produces a standard angle of view.

Steadicam
Trade name for a camera mount which dampens movement, so making it more fluid, when the camera is handheld or strapped to the operator.

storyboard
Series of drawings, much like a comic strip, used to plan a sequence of shots.

telephoto lens
Lens with a long focal length and greater magnification than the wide angle lens.

tilt
When the camera pivots on the horizontal axis; the shot that results from this.

time code
Numeric reference (hours/minutes/seconds/frames) for each frame of the film, essential during editing and other post-production work.

top shot
An extreme high angle shot, where the camera looks straight down.

tracking shot
A shot taken from a camera mounted on a dolly or other moving vehicle.

two-shot
A shot showing two characters in a frame.

wide shot (WS) or wide angle shot
A shot taking in much or all of the action.

wide angle lens
Lens with a short focal length, a wide angle of view and less magnification than the telephoto lens.

zoom
The change of image size achieved when the focal length of the zoom lens is altered.

http://www.bfi.org.uk/education/teaching/realshorts/glossary.html

Saturday, 19 September 2009

Film Language Glossary

Saturday, 12 September 2009

12 D

Dig Jou

12 C

A2 11

A2 10